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Geography SLM


Syllabus


Semester l Physical Geography Paper l
Unit l Meaning, Scope and Branches of Physical Geography, Origin of Universe, Solar system and Earth. Geological Time Scale, Theories of Laplace, Chamberlin, James Jeans, Jeffreys, and Hoyle & Lyttleton, Interior of the earth, Rocks: origin and classification. Interior of the Earth, Rocks and Their Types, 
Unit ll Origin of continents and ocean basins: Continental drift and convectional current theories, Plate Tectonics, Isostasy, Earth movements, Endogenetic forces, landforms: Mountains, Plateau and Plains, Gradational processes, Weathering and Erosion, normal cycle of erosion, Arid, Glacial, Marine and Karst topographies, Vulcanicity and Earthquakes. Earthquake Disaster, Earthquake and Seismology, The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics, Disaster and Their Management, Continental Drift Theory
Unit lll Soil as a basic component of environment, Soil profile (Soil horizon): Characteristics and Significance, Processes and factors of soil formation. Biodiversity and Biosphere, Biotic succession, Biomes and their types, Zoogeographical regions of the world. Biodiversity conservation.
Unit lV Composition and structure of atmosphere, Insolation, Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of temperature, Pressure and pressure belts, Winds: Planetary, Periodic and Local. Humidity, Clouds and Precipitation, Cyclones and Anticyclones.
Unit V Ocean bottom topography, Ocean deposits, Salinity, Temperature, Ocean currents, Tides and Coral reefs.
Semester l Basic Cartographic Techniques and Map Readings Paper ll
Unit l Meaning, importance and types of Scale, Conversion of Scale, Construction of Plain, Comparative and Diagonal Scale. Methods of enlargement and reduction of maps.
Unit ll Definition, nature and scope of cartography, Globe and maps, Essentials of maps, History of map making, Types and uses of maps, Elements of map reading. Map Study, Map Study Reading & Interpretation
Unit lll Cartographic representation of relief: Hachures, Contours, Form line, Spot height, Bench mark, Trig point, Layer tint; Interpolation of contours.
Unit lVIndian topographical map system: Their classification and types. Interpretation of topographical maps and preparation of base map, index map, drainage map, toporographic map, land use map, settlement map and transportation network map.
Unit VIndian weather maps: Interpretation and preparation of weather report, Meteorological instruments; Barometer, Thermometer (Minimum, Maximum, Dry and Wet bulb), Rain gauge, Wind vane and Anemometer.



Semester ll Human Geography Paper l
Unit l Definition and scope of Human Geography; human versus physical geography; branches of Human Geography; Development of Human Geography; Contributions of German and French Geographers. Contribution of Indian Geographers.
Unit ll Schools: Determinism, possibilism, welfare or humanistic and positivism; Approaches: ecological, landscape, locational, welfare and humanistic.
Unit lll Elements of environment; physical and human environment; constraints and opportunities of the environment; impact of environment on man; impact of man on environment; environmental problems; pollution, natural hazards, and climate change. Our Environment, 
Unit lV Evolution of man: Classification of races, Characteristics of races and their world distribution, Human adaptation to the environment: Eskimo, Bushman and Masai. Tribes of India; habitat, economy and culture with special reference to Naga, Bhil, Santhal, Gaddi, Bhotia, and Tharu tribes.
Unit V Human Settlements: Origin, types and patterns (Rural and Urban) characteristics, House types and their distribution with special reference to India.
Semester ll Surveying Techniques Paper ll
Unit l Fundamentals of Surveying: Objects, Primary divisions of survey, Classification.
Unit ll Plane Table Surveying: Radiation, Intersection, Close Traverse, Open Traverse, Resection by two point and three-point problems.
Unit lll Surveying by Prismatic Compass: Close Traverse, Open Traverse, and Correction of bearing.
Unit lVMeasurement of height and depth by Indian Pattern Clinometer.
Unit VUse and Applications of GPS in surveying



Semester lll Tourism Geography Paper l
Unit l Concept of Leisure and Tourism; Development of Tourism; Types of Tourism; Definition, Scope and Significance of Geography of Tourism; Geographical Basis of Tourism; Resources and Infrastructure for Tourism: Transportation, Accommodation and Basic Infrastructure.
Unit ll Impact of Tourism: Physical, Economic, Social and Cultural Impacts; Concept of Ecotourism; New Emerging Trends in Tourism. Statistics of tourism and data collection.
Unit lll Tourism Marketing: Marketing Concepts and Marketing in Tourism; The Tourist Product; Segmentation- A Priori Segmentation; Tourism Circuits; Tour Agencies. Components of a Tourism Plan, The Tourism Planning Process.
Unit lV Globalization and Tourism; Tourism in India; Resource and Growth; National Tourism Policy in India; Tourism Organizations. Role of WTO, IATA, UPTAA, AI, IATO, etc. in promotion and development of tourism
Unit V Sustainable Tourism Development in Uttarakhand: Policies and Planning for Tourism Development; Tourism Carrying Capacity and Limits of Acceptable Change; Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT); Environmental, Cultural, Social and Historical Attractions with special reference to Uttarakhand Himalaya; Framework for Monitoring Sustainability of Tourism in Uttarakhand.
Semester lll Thematic Cartography Paper ll
Unit l Cartography: Meaning, Rules and Methods of Geographical data representation, Types of Diagrams, Graph, Distribution maps and cartogram. Isopleth and choropleth maps.
Unit ll Cartographic representation of geographical data by (a) dot method (b) proportional sphere method and circle method. Representation of economic data; Agricultural, land use, production and industrial data.
Unit lll Representation of population data; Growth, distribution and employment.
Unit lVRepresentation of climatic data; Climatograph, Climograph and Hythergraph.
Unit VDrainage ordering, Slope analysis; Wentworth's and Smith's methods.



Semester lV Regional Planning and Development Paper l
Unit l Regional concept in geography: Concept, Scope & purpose of regional planning, Types of regions: Formal and functional; uniform and nodal, single purpose and composite region.
Unit ll Regional Planning: Planning process - sectoral, temporal and spatial dimensions; short-term and long-term perspective planning, Indicators of development and their data sources, measuring levels for regional development and disparities, Planning for regional development and multiregional planning in national context
Unit lll Regional development strategies: Concentration vs. dispersal, Case studies for plans of developed and developing countries, Regional planning and development in India through Five year plans, problems and prospects, Regional disparities: causes and consequences.
Unit lV Concept of Multi-level planning: Decentralized planning; peoples participation in the planning process, Concept and approaches of urban development, Landscape ecology and sustainable urban development, Application of remote sensing and Geographic Information System in Development Planning.
Unit V Theories and Models for Regional Planning: Growth Pole Model of Perroux; Myrdal, Hirschman, Rostow and Friedmann.
Semester lV Quantitative Techniques and Map Projections Paper ll
Unit l Data; Meaning, and Types, Collection of data, Sampling Techniques and Methods, Measures of central tendency: Mean, Mode, and Median. आंकड़े, आंकड़ो का प्रदर्शन, Block Pill Diagram
Unit ll Measures of dispersion; Mean Deviation, Quartile Deviation and Standard deviation, Correlation; Karl Pearson’s and Spearman’s methods.
Unit lll Definition, Necessity and Classification of map projection, Mathematical method of drawing projections, Construction of map projections; Simple conical projection with one and two standard parallels, Bonne's projection, Polyconic projection.
Unit lVCylindrical projections; Equidistant and Equal area cylindrical projections, Mercator's, Gall's stereographic projection.
Unit VZenithal Projections; Polar zenithal equidistant, Equatorial zenithal equidistant, Polar zenithal equal-area, Equatorial zenithal equal-area.



Semester V Geography of India Paper l
Unit l India- A subcontinent, Physical features, Geologic structure, Drainage system, Climate, Natural vegetation, Soils, Natural regions. भारत का भौगोलिक स्वरूप एवं इसका अपवाह तन्त्र, 
Unit ll Agriculture, Crops (Food, plantation and commercial), Agriculture production, Agriculture regions, Irrigation, Livestock raising and Fishery.
Unit lll Industries; Metallurgical, Textile, Engineering, Chemical, Food, Leather, Forest and Agro-industries, Industrial regions, Minerals and Power resources.
Unit lV Population (density, distribution and urbanization), Multipurpose projects. Regional development and planning, Regional disparities, Five-year plans, Integrated rural development programme, Panchayati raj, Command area and watershed management.
Unit V Transportation; Roads and railways, air transportation and pipeline transportation. Trade; Internal and External (Trend, composition and direction); SEZ (Special Economic Zones).
Semester V Economic Geography Paper ll
Unit l Meaning, aim and scope of economic geography, Resources: Meaning, classification, conservation and concepts, Economic landscapes.
Unit ll Primary production, Vegetation & forest economy, Soil resources, Mineral resources (Iron ore and bauxite), Power resources (Coal, Petroleum and Hydroelectricity), Resource conservation.
Unit lll Main crops in the world; Wheat, paddy, sugarcane, coffee and tea. industries; Iron & steel, textiles, petro-chemical and sugar.
Unit lVTheory of industrial location; Weber and Losch, Industrial regions of India and World.
Unit VWorld transportation; trans-continental railways, sea and air routes, international trade, patterns and trends, trade blocks: NAFTA, EEC, ASEAN, G7 and G20, Globalization and developing countries.



Semester Vl Evolution of Geographical Thoughts Paper l
Unit l Definition and purpose of Geography, Science and philosophy of Geography, The basic concepts of Geography, Techniques and tools in Geography, Different branches of Geography, Relationship of Geography with other Sciences.
Unit ll Geography in classical times; Greek and Roman Geographers, Contribution by Arab Geographers.
Unit lll Renaissance, Eighteenth century Geography, Development of Geographical Thought in India; Ancient and Modern. Contribution of Important Indian Geographers.
Unit lV Formulation of scientific Geography, Schools of thoughts; German, French, British, American and former Soviet Union. Environmental determinism, possibilism, Neo-determinism and probabilism.
Unit V Dualism in Geography, Dichotomy of scientific and regional Geography; Unity in Geography, Concept of Regions and regionalization, Quantitative Geography, Recent Trends in Geography.
Semester Vl Agricultural Geography Paper ll
Unit l Nature, scope, significance and development of Agriculture Geography, Approaches to the study of Agricultural Geography; Commodity, systematic, regional, behavioral and recent approaches etc., Origin and dispersal of agriculture.
Unit ll Determinants of agricultural land use; Physical, economic, social and technological factors, Land holding and land tenure systems in India, Land use and land capability.
Unit lll Agricultural efficiency Concepts, Techniques and Methods of measurements; Methods of delimiting crop combination region, cropping pattern, crop concentration, intensity of cropping, degree of commercialization, diversification and specialization.
Unit lVTheories of Agriculture Geography, Von Thunen's theory (model) of agricultural location and its recent modifications, Demarcation of Agricultural regions, Whittlesey's classification of agricultural regions.
Unit VRegional pattern of productivity in India, Green Revolution, White Revolution, Food deficit and food surplus regions; World pattern of Agriculture: Subsistence agriculture, Commercial farming, Plantation agriculture, Mixed agriculture, State, collective and cooperative farming.
Semester VlBasics of Remote Sensing and GISPaper lll
Unit lRemote Sensing; Components of Remote Sensing, Thermal and Radar Remote Sensing; Image Processing Techniques; Visual and Digital, Classification: Supervised and Unsupervised.
Unit llGIS; Geographic Data Types; Spatial and Non-Spatial Data; Raster and Vector Data, Linkages and Matching, Principal Functions of GIS; Data Capture; Geographic Analysis; Scanning System; Data Conversion, Data Base Management System (DBMS), Data Base and Spatial Data Management; Geo- Relational Data Model; Topological Data Structure; Attribute Data Management; Relational Database-Concepts & Model, Digital Elevation Model (DEM); Process, Derivatives and applications.
Unit lllGeo-Referencing and Its Importance. Spatial Data Integration (Digitization) – Point, Line, Polygon. Map Design or Layout, Map Production. Import And Export of Map in Various Formats.
Unit lVSatellite Data and its type. Downloading Sources of Satellite Data (Google Earth, USGS, GLCF Etc.). Download Process Satellite Imagery. Remote Sensing data download from open sources.
Unit VGIS Software (Including Open-Source Softwares). Creation of Shape files in GIS Softwares. Geo-Referencing and Digitization in GIS Software. Attribute Data Entry, Manipulation of Fields and Attribute Data.