Print Geology SLM
| Semester - l | Physical & Structural Geology | |
| Unit - l | Introduction to geology and its scope, Earth and solar system: origin, size, shape, mass, density and its atmosphere. A brief account of various theories regarding the origin of the earth; Internal structure of the earth and its composition. Earth’s gravity and magnetic fields, and thermal structure. Law of uniformitarianism. | Plate Tectonics, Plate Tectonics (in Hindi), |
| Unit - ll | Earth’s internal and external processes: The rock cycle. Earthquakes: nature of seismic waves, their intensity and magnitude; Volcanoes: types, products and causes of volcanism. Weathering and its types; Erosion, transportation and deposition by rivers, wind, glaciers, and waves and underground water, and their related landforms | |
| Unit - lll | Introduction to Structural Geology; basic concept of stress and strain. Elementary idea of bed, dip and strike; Outcrop, effects of various structures on outcrop. Clinometer/Brunton compass and its use. Elementary idea of types of deformation; Folds: nomenclature and types of folds. | Structural Geology, |
| Unit - lV | Faults: nomenclature, geometrical and genetic classifications, normal, thrust and slip faults; Definition, kinds and significance of joints and unconformity. |
| Semester - ll | Elements of Mineralogy & Gemology | |
| Unit - l | Crystals and their characters: Crystal form, face, edge, solid angle; Interfacial angle and their measurements; Crystallographic axes and angles. Crystal parameters, Weiss and Miller system of notations. Symmetry elements and description of normal class of Isometric, Tetragonal, Hexagonal, Orthorhombic, Monoclinic and Triclinic systems. Twinning and twin laws. | |
| Unit - ll | Definition and characters of mineral; Chemical composition and diagnostic physical properties of common rock forming minerals: quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, amphibole, garnet, olivine and mica families. | |
| Unit - lll | Polarizing microscope, its parts and functioning; Ordinary and polarized lights; Common optical properties of minerals observed under ordinary, polarized lights and crossed nicols. Optical properties of some common rock forming minerals (Quartz, Orthoclase, Microcline, Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Garnet). | |
| Unit - lV | Definition and scope of Gemology. Basic qualities of a gem, Physical properties, Optical properties & optical effects in gemstones. Theory of gem cutting techniques, & application crystallography in Gemology. Instruments used in gem identification. Techniques, limitation and precautions of gem identification. |
| Semester - lll | Petrology | |
| Unit - l | Introduction to igneous petrology; Magma: definition, composition, properties, types and origin; Plutonic, hypabyssal, and volcanic magma emplacement; Forms of igneous rocks; textures of igneous rocks. Reaction principle; Bowen’s reaction series, Differentiation and Assimilation; Crystallization of uni-component and bicomponent (mixed-crystals).Basic classification of igneous rocks; IUGS classification of igneous rocks. Detailed petrographic description of Granite, Granodiorite, Syenite, Diorite, Rhyolite and Basalt. | |
| Unit - ll | Introduction to metamorphic petrology; Process and products of metamorphism; Type of metamorphism. Factors, zones and grade of metamorphism; Textures, structures and classification of metamorphic rocks. Petrographic details of some important metamorphic rocks, such as slate, schists, gneiss, quartzite, and marble. | |
| Unit - lll | Introduction to sedimentary petrology; Processes of formation of sedimentary rocks. Clastic and non-clastic sedimentary rocks. Textures and structures of sedimentary rocks. Palaeocurrent and sediment dispersal. | |
| Unit - lV | Concept of provenance and basins. Elementary knowledge about continental and oceanic sedimentary basins. Concept of sedimentary environments and facies. Petrographic details of important siliciclastic and carbonate rocks such as-conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale, and limestone. |
| Semester - lV | Paleontology | |
| Unit - l | Origin of life. Organic evolution- Macro and Micro evolution, Punctuated Equilibrium and Phyletic Gradualism. Taxonomy and Species concept. Taphonomy. Mass extinctions and their causes. Ediacaran. Gondwana fauna and flora and their significance. | |
| Unit - ll | Fossils, condition, modes of fossilization and its significance in geological time scale. Trace fossils and Ichno-fossils. Binomial nomenclature. Biozonessignificance and correlation, Index fossils. | |
| Unit - lll | Invertebrate Paleontology- Morphology, classification, evolutionary trends, and geological distribution of Brachiopods, Lamellibranchs, Gastropods and Cephalopods, Trilobites, Graptolites, Echinoids and Corals. | |
| Unit - lV | Vertebrate Paleontology- Origin of vertebrates and evolution of vertebrate. Evolutionary history of Equidae, Proboscidea and Hominidae. Origin, diversity and extinction of dinosaurs. |
| Semester - V | Economic Geology & Mineral Exploration | Paper -l |
| Unit - l | Concept of ore and ore deposits, ore minerals and gangue minerals; Tenor of ores; Metallic and non-metallic ore minerals; Strategic, Critical and essential minerals. Ore forming processes: magmatic, contact metasomatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary. | |
| Unit - ll | Study of important metallic (Cu, Pb, Zn Mn, Fe, Au, Al) and non-metallic (industrial) minerals (gypsum, magnesite, mica). Basic knowledge about the genesis of oil and natural gas, and coal. Metallogenic epochs and provinces. Distribution of iron, copper, zinc, lead, gold, diamond, uranium, bauxite, phospherite, magnesite, mica, coal, and oil and natural gas in India. | |
| Unit - lll | Mineral exploration: Surface and sub surface exploration methods including use of remote sensing techniques, Elementary idea of geological, geophysical and geo-botanical prospecting and mining methods. Drilling, sampling and assaying. | |
| Unit - lV | Elementary knowledge of geological and geophysical prospecting. Gravity, electrical, magnetic airborne and seismic methods of exploration. Geo-botanical and geochemical methods of exploration. Elementary idea of mining and environmental considerations. |
| Semester - V | Geohydrology & Environment Geology | Paper -ll |
| Unit - l | Introduction and scope of hydrology. Hydrologic cycle and its components: precipitation, evapo-transpiration, run-off, infiltration and sub-surface movement of water. Vertical distribution of sub-surface water. Types of aquifers, aquifer parameters. | |
| Unit - ll | Aquifers and their types. Darcy’s Law and its validity, Dupuit’s assumptions, Base flow equation. Surface and sub-surface water interaction. Drinking water quality parameters: Physical and Chemical properties of water. Hydrological provinces in India. | |
| Unit - lll | Scope and aims of environmental geology. Biosphere and man. Geohazards: Earthquakes, volcanism, landslides, floods, flash floods, and snow avalanches. Concepts of geohazard management. Climatology and global environment- Coastal, riverine, desertic, tropical, cold and polar. Green-house effect and global warming. | |
| Unit - lV | Elementary idea of soil types. Soil erosion and conservation. Preliminary idea of environmental implications of mining activities and their remedies. Elementary concept of watershed management. Land reclamation. |
| Semester - Vl | Remote sensing & Elementary Engineering Geology | Paper -l |
| Unit - l | Definition and scope of remote sensing. EM energy and its interaction interactions with atmosphere and earth surface features. Film and digital aerial photography. Types of aerial photographs. Aerial photography mission and stereopair aerial photographs. Tilt in aerial photographs. Scale of aerial photographs. Relief distortions and vertical exaggeration in aerial photographs. Ortho photographs. | |
| Unit - ll | Aerial photo mosaics, their types and utility. Stereoscopic vision in aerial photographs. Pocket and Mirror Stereoscopes. Photo-technical and geotechnical elements of photo-interpretation. Application potential of aerial photographs in land cover, landform, rock type and structure recognition. | |
| Unit - lll | Engineering properties of rocks and Soils. Soil and Soil groups of India. Dams and their types. Geological conditions controlling the safety of dams. Causes of dam failure. Geological problem of reservoirs. Bridges and their types. Geological conditions controlling the safety of dams. | Dam Structure, |
| Unit - lV | Tunnels and their types. Geological conditions controlling the safety of tunnels. Seepage problem in tunnels and role of water table. Landslides: classification, causes and preventative measures. |
| Semester - Vl | Stratigraphy | Paper -ll |
| Unit - l | Principle of stratigraphy; fundamentals of litho-, bio-, chrono-, and magneto-stratigraphy; Code of stratigraphic nomenclature; Concepts of palaeogeographic reconstructions. Geological Time Scale. Precambrian- Cambrian, Permian-Triassic, and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundaries. | |
| Unit - ll | Study of following Precambrian succession: Dharwar, Aravalli, Cuddappa, Vindhyan and Delhi Supergroups; Precambrian-Cambrian successions of Uttarakhand. | |
| Unit - lll | Brief idea about Palaeozoic succession of northwestern Himalaya; Triassic of Spiti; Mesozoic type succession of Kutch and Rajasthan; Cretaceous of Tiruchirapalli. | |
| Unit - lV | Stratigraphy of the Indian Gondwana, and Deccan Trap. Paleogene-Neogene sequences of northwest Himalaya. |